Photoelectric Sensor Wiring Diagrams
This guide explains the circuit logic used across common industrial photoelectric sensors. Wire colors and connector pins remain model-specific: the ordered model datasheet takes priority over any generic diagram.
2-Wire, 3-Wire and 4-Wire Photoelectric Sensor Wiring
2-wire sensors
The load and sensor share a series current path. Check leakage current, voltage drop and whether the model is intended for AC, DC or both.
3-wire sensors
Two conductors power the sensor and one is the switching output. Match the NPN/PNP output to the PLC input common.
4-wire sensors
The additional conductor may provide a complementary output, teach input or alarm signal. Its function is not universal.
NPN vs PNP Photoelectric Sensor Outputs
| Output | Active-state behaviour | PLC/input requirement |
|---|---|---|
| NPN | Sinks output current toward 0 V | Input/load referenced to the positive supply as specified |
| PNP | Sources output current from the positive supply | Input/load referenced to 0 V as specified |
| Relay output | Potential-free contact on models that provide it | Use within the documented contact voltage/current limits |
Do not guess from cable color alone. Confirm the exact model, connector pinout, voltage and output circuit before wiring.
Through-Beam Transmitter and Receiver Wiring
Power the transmitter
The emitter normally requires only its specified supply connection, unless the model adds test, enable or synchronization conductors.
Power the receiver
The receiver requires supply and provides the switching output. Align the pair before judging the electrical state.
Connect the control input
Verify output type, Light-ON/Dark-ON selection, PLC common, input current and whether an interposing relay is required.
See the H-M M12/M18 through-beam photoelectric sensor range for a model-specific product family.
PLC Input, Relay Load and Light-ON/Dark-ON Checks
PLC input common
An incorrect common reference is the most common reason a healthy NPN or PNP sensor appears not to switch.
Load and protection
Keep the output within its rated current. Use suppression for inductive coils and an interposing relay where the load exceeds the sensor output.
Output logic
Light-ON and Dark-ON describe whether the output activates when light is received or interrupted. Select the state required by the process logic.
Photoelectric Sensor Wiring Troubleshooting and FAQ
How do I wire a three-wire photoelectric sensor?
Connect the supply conductors according to the exact model datasheet, then connect the output conductor to a compatible PLC input or interface load. Confirm whether the output is NPN or PNP before energising the circuit.
What is the wiring difference between NPN and PNP?
An NPN output sinks current toward 0 V when active; a PNP output sources current from the positive supply. The PLC input common and load reference must match the selected output type.
How is a through-beam photoelectric sensor pair wired?
The transmitter normally needs supply power, while the receiver needs supply plus its switching output connection. Some models add teach, alarm or complementary outputs, so verify the exact pinout.
Is this wiring the same as a safety light curtain?
No. A general photoelectric switch is not automatically a safety-rated ESPE device. Safety light curtains use model-specific dual-channel safety outputs and must follow their own validated wiring instructions.